The Euthyphro is one of Plato's most interesting and important early dialogues. Its focus is on the question: What is piety?
Euthyphro, a priest of sorts, claims to know the answer, but Socrates shoots down each definition he proposes. After five failed attempts to define piety, Euthyphro hurries off and leaves the question unanswered.
The Dramatic Context
It is 399 BCE.Socrates and Euthyphro meet by chance outside the court in Athens where Socrates is about to be tried on charges of corrupting the youth and for impiety (or, more specifically, not believing in the city's gods and introducing false gods).
At his trial, as all of Plato's readers would know,Socrates was found guilty and condemned to death. This circ*mstance casts a shadow over the discussion.For as Socrates says, thequestion he's asking on this occasion ishardlyatrivial, abstract issue that doesn't concern him.As it will turn out, his life is on the line.
Euthyphro is therebecause he is prosecuting his father for murder. One oftheir servants had killed an enslaved person, and Euthyphro's father had tied the servantup and left him in a ditch while he sought advice about what to do.When he returned, the servant had died.
Most people would consider it impious for a son to bring charges against his father, but Euthyphro claims to know better.He was probably a kind of priest in a somewhat unorthodox religious sect.His purpose in prosecuting his father is not to get him punished but to cleanse the household of bloodguilt.This is the kind of thing he understands and the ordinary Athenian does not.
The Concept of Piety
The English term "piety" or "the pious" is translated from the Greek word "hosion."This word might also be translated as holiness or religious correctness.Piety has two senses:
- A narrow sense: knowing and doing what is correct in religious rituals. For example, knowing what prayers should be said on any specific occasion or knowing how to perform a sacrifice.
- A broad sense: righteousness; being a good person.
Euthyphro begins with the narrower sense of piety in mind.But Socrates, true to his general outlook, tends to stress the broader sense.Heis less interested in correct ritual than in living morally. (Jesus' attitude toward Judaism is rather similar.)
Euthyphro's 5 Definitions
Socrates says, tongue-in-cheek as usual, that he's delighted to find someone who's an expert on piet—just what he needs in his present situation. So he asks Euthyphro to explain to him what piety is.Euthyphro tries to do this five times, and each time Socrates argues that the definition is inadequate.
1st Definition: Piety is what Euthyphro is doing now, namely prosecuting wrongdoers. Impiety is failing to do this.
Socrates' Objection:That's just an example of piety, not a general definition of the concept.
2nd Definition:Piety is what is loved by the gods ("dear to the gods" in some translations); impiety is what is hated by the gods.
Socrates' Objection:According to Euthyphro, the gods sometimes disagree among themselves about questions of justice.So some things are loved by some gods and hated by others.On this definition, these things will be both pious and impious, which makes no sense.
3rd Definition: Piety is what is loved by all the gods. Impiety is what all the gods hate.
Socrates' Objection:The argument Socrates uses to criticize this definition is the heart of the dialogue. His criticism is subtle but powerful.He poses this question: Do the gods love piety because it is pious, or is it pious because the gods love it?
To grasp the point of the question, consider this analogous question:Isa film funny because people laugh at it or do people laugh at it because it's funny?If we say it's funny because people laugh at it, we're saying something rather strange. We're saying that the film only has the property of being funny because certain people have a certain attitude toward it.
But Socrates argues that this gets things the wrong way round.People laugh at a film because it has a certain intrinsic property, theproperty of being funny.This is what makes them laugh.
Similarly, things aren't pious because the gods view them in a certain way.Rather, the gods love pious actions such as helping a stranger in need, because such actions have a certain intrinsic property, the property of being pious.
4th definition: Piety is that part of justice concerned with caring for the gods.
Socrates' Objection: The notion of care involved here is unclear. It can't be the sort of care a dog owner gives to its dog since that aims at improving the dog. But we can't improve the gods. If it's like the care an enslaved person gives his enslaver, it must aim at some definite shared goal.But Euthyphro can't say what that goal is.
5th Definition: Piety is saying and doing what is pleasing to the gods at prayer and sacrifice.
Socrates' Objection: When pressed, this definition turns out to be just the third definition in disguise. After Socrates shows how this is so, Euthyphro says in effect, "Oh dear, is that the time?Sorry, Socrates, I have to go."
General Points About the Dialogue
The Euthyphrois typical of Plato's early dialogues: short, concerned with defining an ethical concept, and ending without a definition being agreed upon.
The question, "Do the gods love piety because it is pious, or is it pious because the gods love it?" is one of the great questions posed in the history of philosophy.It suggests a distinction between an essentialist perspective and a conventionalistperspective.
Essentialists apply labels to things because they possess certain essential qualities that make them what they are.The conventionalist view is that how we regard things determines what they are.
Consider this question, for instance: Are works of art in museums because they are works of art, ordo we call them "works of art" because they are in museums?
Essentialists assert the first position, conventionalists the second.
Although Socrates generally gets the better of Euthyphro, some of what Euthyphro says makes a certain amount of sense.For instance, when asked what human beingscan givethe gods, he replies that we give them honor, reverence, and gratitude.Some philosophers argue that this is a pretty good answer.
