Yeast or sourdough starter? - Google Arts & Culture (2024)

Dominika Zielinska's bakery by Frédéric Aguilhon / ReportagePhotosSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

The baguette began life in the 20th century, just after the appearance of baker's yeast. It therefore has a direct connection to this breakthrough. Sourdough bread, on the other hand, is often a flagship product of boulangeries, after a return

to popularity brought about in the 1980s by Lionel Poilâne's famous Pain Poilâne.
But every French baker must make a choice between these two different fermenting agents.

Mickaël Chesnouard, Meilleur ouvrier de France by Mickaël ChesnouardSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

Bread fermentation

Leavened bread is a fermented foodstuff, unlike its unleavened counterpart or buckwheat pancakes. Fermentation happens when fermenting agents (starters and bacteria) interact with fermentable sugars, which are the sugars contained within wheat (or other grain) flour, and break them down chemically.

Bakery Gosselin by Thomas DéronSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

What is yeast?

Yeast is a microscopic fungus (around 1/7,000 mm) and is therefore a single-celled organism. A piece of yeast weighing 0.03 oz. Like every living being, yeast needs to eat. It feeds on sugar, and in doing so, transforms it into different compounds.

The most well-known and widely used of these are the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (meaning beer sugar mushrooms), but many other kinds of yeast exist, too.

Levain dur by Vincent FerniotSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

The result of sugar being consumed by yeast

This process differs depending on whether yeast or a sourdough starter is used.
Yeast feeds on wheat starch (a kind of sugar), releasing carbonated gas from it. Baker's yeast turns the sugar into alcohol (a very low volume which evaporates away as the dough is baked) and into carbonated gas.
Sourdough starters turn the sugar into carbonated gas and lactic (and acetic) acid, which give this bread its sour flavor.

Mie alvéoléeSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

How does fermentation act on the bread dough?

The two main outcomes of bread dough fermentation are bubble formation (the distinctive air pockets that form after baking) and the enrichment of the aromas. Like any other kind of fermentation, the process makes the food easier to digest by predigesting it.

Portrait Kinga Klusak dans son fournil by Abril M BarruecosSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

What's the difference between a starter and baker's yeast?

Starters, the original rising product, are prepared by bakers before they make the bread. They come from a culture of yeasts and lactic bacteria that are left to develop naturally in a mix of flour and water left exposed to fresh air. Baker's yeast is an industrial product of the 19th century. It is a standardized product made by selecting and allowing certain yeast types to multiply in order to achieve a faster, more controlled fermentation.

Hot, but not too hot: the dough needs to be kept at the right temperature so the yeast can produce a good fermentation. Too cold: the microorganisms are affected by the cold. They become dormant, and the dough doesn't rise enough. Hot: the microorganisms act quickly but not in the desired way. The bread won't have the time needed to bring out its aromas, and it will go stale quickly since it also won't have the time to trap water in its glutinous network. Very hot: the yeast is cooked, the bacteria die out, and the dough doesn't rise at all.

Mickaël Chesnouard by M Gain Nathanaël et le magasin M Crampon FrancoisSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

What is gluten?

Gluten is the protein that is the building block of leavened bread. It occurs naturally in wheat (even more so in traditional wheat species). During fermentation, it binds to carbohydrates and other proteins to form a stretchy glutinous network. This network holds the bread together by trapping the gas bubbles. Without gluten, bread collapses when it is cooled.

Is gluten bad for your health? Gluten does not bring any health risks apart from risks for people with celiac disease (an acute gluten intolerance), who make up around 1% of the population. It's undeserved reputation as indigestible seems to stem largely from other factors of the bread-making process: the excessive use of additives in industrially produced bread, undercooking, and intestinal sensitivity to fermentable sugars that are more often present in white bread.

Mickaël Chesnouard, Meilleur ouvrier de France by Mickaël ChesnouardSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

So are baguettes made using yeast or starters?

Under the official decree that defines a Baguette de Tradition Française (Traditional Baguette) under French law, both yeast and starters are permitted, either separately or together. This is left up to the preference of artisan French bakers.

Bakery Kayser - Israel by KayserSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

Sourdough baguette

This is a traditional shape (farmhouse bread) that gives free reign to the baker's creativity. Sourdough produces a small amount of gas, and the dough rises slowly, but it produces what is known as lactic fermentation, similar to what happens in yogurt or sauerkraut. This gives the bread a fuller flavor and sourness, and makes it easier to digest.

Bakery Gosselin by Thomas DéronSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

A baguette made from baker's yeast

This is a more modern type of baguette, which is easier for the baker to control since the yeast purchased is always near-identical in its composition, and the dough rises more quickly thanks to its accelerated fermentation. It has a much sweeter flavor and a subtler aroma. The baker will add aroma later while roasting the bread during the baking process.

A mix of sourdough starter and baker's yeast This is the middle ground adopted by a number of artisan bakers who are keen to take advantage of the benefits of both categories of fermenting agents. The inimitable signature aroma of sourdough and the ease of use of yeast. It's then up to the client to choose what they prefer.

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Yeast or sourdough starter? - Google Arts & Culture (2024)

FAQs

What is the major difference between a yeast starter and a sourdough starter? ›

The main differences between yeast and sourdough starter are the time in which they take to leaven bread. Because of the way commercial yeast has been honed, it rises bread very quickly. In comparison, the wild yeast contained in sourdough starter can take many hours, even days, to rise bread.

What happens if you add a little yeast to sourdough starter? ›

A true sourdough starter relies on the natural yeasts and bacteria present in the flour and the environment. Adding commercial yeast to the mix may speed up the fermentation process, but it won't produce the same complex flavors and textures that come from a naturally fermented starter.

Why is sourdough better than yeast? ›

Sourdough relies on a mix of wild yeast and lactic acid bacteria, rather than baker's yeast, to leaven the dough. It's richer in nutrients, less likely to spike your blood sugar, contains lower amounts of gluten, and is generally easier to digest than bread made with baker's yeast.

Can I use yeast instead of sourdough starter? ›

Generally, you can substitute a packet of yeast for 100g of sourdough starter. If your recipe uses less than a packet of yeast, you can use less sourdough starter, however it won't make too much difference because of the way wild yeast works.

Can you eat sourdough bread if you have a yeast intolerance? ›

High-risk foods for people with yeast intolerance

Traditional long-fermented breads such as sourdough are sometimes better tolerated, although the jury is still out on this. Vinegar: Vinegar goes through a fermentation process meaning that unfiltered vinegar may exacerbate your symptoms so is probably best avoided.

Does sourdough bread rise as much as yeast bread? ›

Sourdough rising is so much slower than commercial yeast so it might look like there is nothing happening during the bulk ferment, but there definitely is. It's hard to know exactly how long it needs or when it has proofed enough (or too much!) but this is something that can be learned with practice.

What is the best flour for sourdough starter? ›

The best flour blend for creating a new sourdough starter is 50% whole-meal flour (whole wheat or whole rye) and 50% bread flour or all-purpose flour. I recommend a 50/50 mix of whole wheat flour and bread flour. Why do you need to use these two types of flour?

What happens if you put too much sourdough starter in your dough? ›

If you have too much starter compared to the additional flour and water you're adding, your hungry starter consumes all the nutrients and then it's not as bubbly.

Can I add a little sugar to my sourdough starter? ›

The yeast and bacteria in your sourdough starter actually feed off the sugar from the starches in the flour. They essentially don't need any extra food. In fact, while adding sugar to the dough may provide "fast food" for your sourdough yeast, this quick food source is unlikely to provide any protein.

Is it okay to eat sourdough bread every day? ›

The type of flour used — all-purpose, whole wheat, rye — can affect the nutritional content of sourdough bread, says Wee. But generally speaking, sourdough bread is a healthy option and can be eaten regularly as part of a nutritious, balanced diet.

Is sourdough bread inflammatory? ›

The best bread to reduce gut inflammation is bread made from whole grains. Refined grains, such as the grains found in white bread and white pasta, are known to increase inflammation across the whole body. Sourdough bread and rye bread are both good options for an anti-inflammatory diet.

Is sourdough bread good for your gut? ›

Sourdough bread may be easier to digest than white bread for some people. According to some studies, sourdough bread acts as a prebiotic, which means that the fiber in the bread helps feed the “good” bacteria in your intestines. These bacteria are important for maintaining a stable, healthy digestive system.

What happens if you mix sourdough starter with yeast? ›

Adding yeast to a sourdough can result in a lighter, more tender crumb and a crisper crust than the same loaf without it. Now I like the texture of a crusty, chewy sourdough loaf most of the time, but there are instances where I find this effect especially useful.

Can I add a little yeast to my sourdough bread? ›

If you've been baking naturally leavened sourdough bread (using just your starter for leavening) and you're not pleased with the bread's rise, ignore the naysayers and try this: add some commercial yeast to the dough.

How much sourdough starter equals a packet of yeast? ›

Knowing these two factors you can approximate a substitution of one cup of sourdough starter for one packet of commercial yeast. You would then lower the flour and water according to your hydration levels, being sure to measure it again by weight.

What makes sourdough starters different? ›

Yes every sourdough starter will taste different depending on the age of the starter, they type of flour you feed it, how often you feed it and where the yeast in the starter has come from. Each starter also has a unique level of acidity, hydration and bacteria.

What makes sourdough different from other yeast breads? ›

Sourdough is naturally leavened bread, which means it doesn't use commercial yeast to rise. Instead, it uses a 'starter' – a fermented flour and water mixture that contains wild yeast and good bacteria – to rise. This also produces the tangy flavour and slightly chewy texture you'll find in sourdough.

Does yeast reproduce in sourdough starter? ›

Yeast are a single cell organism that reproduce in the right conditions. When you feed your sourdough starter flour and water, enzymes are released in the flour. These enzymes convert long starch molecules into simple sugars. It's these simple sugars that feed the yeast and cause the microbes to reproduce.

How does sourdough starter work without yeast? ›

Sourdough starters begin working when you mix liquid and flour. Mixing liquid into flour activates the friendly bacteria and wild yeast living in both your flour and your surrounding environment. Once activated, these microorganisms produce carbon dioxide bubbles, which make your bread rise.

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